Type the Title of your Paper here Using a Predefined Style Called T&T-A Title

This space is reserved for listing the author(s) name(s). It shall be completed upon the acceptance of the paper. Firstname LASTNAME1, Firstname LASTNAME 2, Firstname LASTNAME 3

Original Scientific Paper Submitted: D Month 20xx Accepted: D Month 20xx	This space is reserved for the author(s) details. It shall be completed upon the acceptance of the paper. 1 Corresponding author, firstAuthorEmail@email.com, an affiliation of the first author (use the T&T-A AuthAffiliation style) 2 secondAuthorEmail@email.com, an affiliation of the second author 3 thirdAuthorEmail@email.com, an affiliation of the third author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Publisher: Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb	ABSTRACT The abstract, limited to 200 words in a single paragraph (use the T&T-A AbstractText style), offers a concise overview of the research. It should provide brief insights into the background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions of the study, without including figure numbers, table numbers, references, or mathematical expressions. Authors should avoid using symbols or special characters, and uncommon abbreviations should be defined within the abstract if necessary. To adhere to academic standards, abstracts must follow a structured format. Firstly, contextualize the research by outlining its significance. Subsequently, describe the methods used in the study. Following this, summarize the principal findings. Finally, articulate the primary conclusions or interpretations drawn from the research findings. Maintaining objectivity is crucial, necessitating abstention from including unsupported results or conjectures. By adhering to these guidelines, abstracts serve as informative previews of scholarly work.
KEYWORDS keyword 1; keyword 2; keyword 3; keyword 4; up to 6 keywords (use the T&T-A Keywords List style).

INTRODUCTION

The introduction serves to contextualize the study within a broader framework and underscore its significance. It articulates the purpose of the research and its relevance, while also providing an overview of the current state of the research field, including pertinent citations from key publications. Emphasis should be placed on elucidating any contentious or divergent hypotheses. Conclusively, the introduction should succinctly outline the primary objectives of the study and highlight its main conclusions. Efforts should be made to ensure that the introduction remains accessible to researchers from various disciplines. References should be listed numerically in square brackets according to their appearance in the text, e.g., [1], [2, 3, 6, 12], [7–11].

The text must be written using the T&T-B Bodytext style and it shall be grammatically correct, free of spelling mistakes, and divided into clearly defined and numbered sections (Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion). The Abstract, Acknowledgement, and References sections are not numbered. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Do not use cross-reference fields and footnotes. To avoid unnecessary errors, you are strongly advised to use the ‘spell-check’ and ‘grammar-check’ functions.

When using bullets (use only a dash for bulleted lists) or numbering, the spacing before the first item on the list must be 6 pt, and the spacing after the last item on the list must be 6 pt. The text shall be written in a single column with single line spacing, and with margins fixed as in this document. The Times New Roman font must be used:

size 16 pt for the paper title – bold letters, capitalize only major words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and all words of four letters or more) – use the T&T-A Title style;

size 12 pt for the first level headings – all capitals and bold letters – use the T&T-B 1st Level Heading style;

size 11 pt for the second level headings – bold letters, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns, which include the names of brands, products, and services – use the T&T-B 2nd Level Heading style;

size 11 pt for the third level headings – italic font, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns, which include the names of brands, products, and services – use the T&T-B 3rd Level Heading style;

size 11 pt for body text – use the T&T-B Bodytext style;

size 9 pt for figure and table captions and table text.

All body text paragraphs shall be indented. Do not use blank row(s) to separate titles and body text. Do not make any changes to page headers or footers. The manuscript (including figures, tables, and references) shall be limited to 15 pages. Review papers may exceed that limit. Do not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of pages. The pages must be numbered. Use italic font for emphasis; do not use underline or bold. Use the dot as a multiplication sign except in the Cartesian/vector/tensor product or in presenting geometric dimensions. A note for those authors who are not native English speakers:

years are not followed by a period;

thousands, millions, etc. are separated by a comma (2,340,532);

milliards are designated as bn (billion);

decimal numbers are written with a period (1.45).

PAPER STRUCTURE

Keep the following in mind. There must always be at least two sentences between headings of different levels.

Main elements

Keep the following in mind. There must always be at least two sentences between headings of different levels.

Title

The title shall be concise, and informative and describe, in as few words as possible, the content of the paper. It shall be understandable for subsequent processing of the paper in indexes and abstracts, where the title is the basis for the classification into scientific areas and fields. Avoid abbreviations and equations. Avoid using phrases such as “Investigation of…”; “Study of…”; Analysis of…”.

Keywords

Provide a maximum of six keywords, avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, ‘and’, ‘of’). Keywords shall not contain abbreviations unless they are abbreviations that are firmly established in the field. Keywords shall provide the reader with an at-a-glance identification of the research purpose and subject and will be used for indexing purposes.

Introduction

The introduction section shall contain clearly described research objectives and provide an adequate background. It should provide the reader with the possibility of understanding and evaluating the author’s ideas, procedures, and results. Through a concise overview of general research, the author shall introduce the reader to the studied subject. It is recommended to end the introduction section with a short description of the paper structure.

Methodology

Provide sufficient details so that the work can be reproduced by an independent researcher. Already published methods should be summarized and indicated by a reference.

Results

The research results should be clear and concise, supported by tables, figures, and other illustrations relevant to the field of research.

Discussion

Through discussion, the author elaborates and comments on the values of the obtained results and their significance. The discussion should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.

Conclusion

In the conclusion, the author briefly presents the scientific claims regarding the studied subject and makes recommendations for possible future research.

Other structural paper elements

Keep the following in mind. There must always be at least two sentences between headings of different levels.

Acknowledgment

This is a place to thank someone for their help, be it financial, technical, or any other form of official support. It is not intended for expressing gratitude to reviewers or editorial staff.

References

Every reference cited in the text shall be present in the reference list and vice-versa, every item in the reference list must be mentioned at least once in the text. Make your references current and relevant. Unpublished results and personal correspondence are not recommended in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text. Citing a reference as ‘in press’ implies that the item has been accepted for publication.

FORMATTING REQUIREMENTS

Please note that when copying text from other documents and pasting it into this template, the original formatting is typically retained. Additionally, the style format of the pasted text is integrated into the style list utilized in this template. However, it is important to avoid this. Therefore, when pasting text, please use unformatted text pasting and adhere to our predefined styles. Our styles follow a specific naming convention, always beginning with “T&T”. Utilizing only these predefined styles expedites the publishing process.

Figures

Figures shall be embedded into the document and placed centered, next to the relevant body text. They must be accompanied by a caption and numbered. The figure caption shall be placed below the figure. Keep it concise. Color figures must be understandable and clear if reproduced in black-and-white (grayscale). If a figure contains text, it should be written in Times New Roman font, and easily readable but use reasonable font size. Internet contributions should be avoided because of poor print quality. Upon the acceptance of the paper, you will be asked to provide the figures as separate files. The preferred format is .svg. We accept also .tiff and .jpeg with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.

Figure 1 – Example of figure caption (use the T&T-B Figure Caption style)

When importing figures into the document, click on it and use the T&T-B Figure style for quick formatting. Do not put borders around the outside of the figures. Reference to a figure in the text shall be written in italics, size 9 pt, using the following formats: Figure 1, Figures 2 and 3, Figures 4–6, Figure 7a, Figures 8a and 8b, Figures 9a–9c.

When using figures with multiple subplots, we recommend using a table with as many cells as the number of subplots. Remember to remove the table borders. An example of this is depicted in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

(a)	(b)	(c)

Figure 2 – A figure with three subplots: a) Description of the first subplot; b) Description of the second subplot; c) Description of the third subplot

(a)	(b)
(c)	(d)

Figure 3 – A figure with stacked subplots: a) Description of the first subplot; b) Description of the second subplot; c) Description of the third subplot; d) Description of the fourth subplot

Tables

Tables shall be placed next to the relevant text in the manuscript and centered. They must be accompanied by a caption and numbered. The table caption shall be placed above the table. Keep it concise. Tables are centered on the width of the page; the width of columns (and tables) depends on the text within the table. The minimum row height is 6 mm; there is a 1.5 mm space between the text and the top/bottom edge of the cell. Text in the table is 9 pt; text in cells is centered (except in exceptional cases as shown in Table 2). The header row (or column) is in font size 9 pt, bold; with a top and bottom margin represented by a line thickness of 1 pt. There are no left and right margins for the table; all other margins are in black with a thickness of ½ pt.

Table 1 – Preferred table style example with text in cells centered

Column 1	Column 2	Column 3
1	2	3
aa	bb	cc

Table 2 – An example of when the text within some cells is aligned left

Variables	Meanings
n	Total number of something
xi	The binary variable of whether paper i is accepted, 1 if 'yes', 0 otherwise

This is an example of a table note.

Use font size 9 pt in tables (i.e., T&T-B Table Text style). Apply a single line for all borders (inside and outside). Please avoid using shading in table cells. Any table notes shall be placed below the table body in italics, size 9 (i.e., T&T-B Table Note style).

Tables shall be submitted as editable text, not as images. If a table needs to continue on the next page, repeat the header row. All tables must fit in portrait mode. Reference to a table in the text shall be written in italics, size 9, using the following formats: Table 1, Tables 2 and 3, Tables 4–6.

Equations

Math equations shall be submitted as editable text, not as images. Use the MS Word equation editor to create the equation. Number equations with numbers in parentheses, e.g., (1). Do not use punctuation after numbered equations.

Symbols are to be presented in italic and defined near the equation in the text. For vectors, lowercase bold letters are allowed. Do not duplicate the symbol description when it is used repeatedly in two or more equations. Use the dot as a multiplication sign. Reference to an equation in the text shall be written in italics, size 9, using the following formats: Equation 1, Equations 2 and 3, Equations 4–6.

We recommend using a table with two columns for hosting the equations. In the following example (Equation 1) we want to demonstrate how to do it with one equation. Note that the table borders must be hidden. Spacing before and after Equation 1 equals 12 pt.

(1)

Below is an example of two consecutive equations hosted in a single table with hidden borders. Spacing before Equation 2 equals 12 pt; spacing after Equation 3 equals 12 pt; spacing between Equations 2 and 3 equals 3 pt. This is an example of how symbols , used in equations, should be mentioned in the body text.

(2)
(3)

Units

The use of SI units and their standard symbols and abbreviations is encouraged. Put unit symbols in figures, tables, and descriptions of equation symbols into brackets, i.e., (m/s). A space should always be inserted between a number and the unit, except for the degree (°) and percent (%) symbols. Do not mix full spellings and abbreviations of units. Be consistent in using unit symbols throughout your paper. To avoid confusion with math symbols, do not italicize unit symbols.

References

Make your references current and relevant. Your literature review should take into consideration the current state of the art within the domain. References shall be listed in the order in which they appear in the text, at the end of the paper, and numbered with numerals in square brackets. In the main text, refer to the reference number, e.g., [1], [2, 3, 6, 12], [7–11].

Important notes:

Punctuation and spacing in the reference list are very important, please follow them strictly.

If the work you need to reference has more than four authors, you should list the first author, followed by ‘et al.’

Capitalize only the first word in a paper/book/report/thesis/website title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. Capitalize all words in a journal title.

The use of the DOI is highly encouraged.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This space is reserved for acknowledging assistance received, whether it be financial, technical, or any other form of official support. Use the T&T-C AcknText style.

REFERENCES

Stapleton D, et al. Measuring logistics performance using the Strategic Profit Model. International Journal of Logistics Management. 2002;13(1):89-107. DOI: 10.1108/09574090210806388.

Errami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. 2008;451(7177). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html [Accessed 20th Jan. 2015].

Schroër HJ, et al. Evaluation of inter terminal transport configurations at Rotterdam Maasvlakte using discrete event simulation. Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference 2014, 7-10 Dec. 2014, Savannah, GA, USA. 2014. p. 1771-1782. DOI: 10.1109/WSC.2014.7020026.

Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A short course in soil and rock slope engineering. London, UK: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001.

Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A short course in soil and rock slope engineering. London, UK: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001. http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=93941 [Accessed 18th June 2015].

Partridge H, Hallam G. Evidence-based practice and information literacy. In: Lipu S, Williamson K, Lloyd A. (eds.) Exploring methods in information literacy research. Wagga Wagga, Australia: Centre for Information Studies; 2007. p. 149-170.

Leckenby RJ. Dynamic characterisation and fluid flow modelling of fractured reservoirs. PhD thesis. Imperial College London; 2005.

Leatherwood S. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report number: 63, 2001.

Chevron Corporation. Annual Report. 2006. http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/annualreport/Chevron2006AnnualReport_full.pdf [Accessed 12th May 2012].

Great Britain. Climate Change Act 2008: Elizabeth II. Chapter 27. London, UK: The Stationery Office; 2008.

García Sánchez JJ. Toponymical atlas of Spain [Atlas toponímico de España]. Madrid, Spain: Arco/Libros; 2007.

Re: A title in the original language is listed in square brackets.

More details on how to write your reference list and bibliography can be found at: Your reference list and bibliography | Administration and support services | Imperial College London